Finally, we used natural language processing techniques to extract opioid trading information to characterize underground opioid commodities, suppliers, and transactions. The main drug sold online is cannabis, followed by synthetic drugs, cocaine and, to a lesser extent, opioids. Synthetic drugs show a higher proportion of sales on the darknet and in online shops than other drugs, while cannabis and cocaine are more likely to be obtained through social media, largely because of their partial legality and social acceptability. Heroin and other opioids do not have a significant presence online, as their sale is highly regulated and controlled. A user’s choice of platform thus usually depends on the type of drug sought.
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When the purchase is made, the opioid trader ships the purchased item to the buyer (step 10). Once the item is received, the buyer finalizes the purchase by notifying the anonymous online marketplace to release the funds held in escrow (step 11) 8,9. After that, an opioid buyer often leaves review comments under the product listing or discusses the purchasing experience in the forum (step 12). Many factors are likely to have contributed to the dent in crypto crime over 2023, including increased vigilance from businesses, fraud awareness among the general public, and pure chance. Sophisticated criminals may also have become better at avoiding detection. Most notably, three times as many crypto-related entities and individuals were sanctioned by the US government in 2023 than in 2022, in addition to several major crackdowns on crypto-denominated illicit drugs marketplaces by European police.
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By contrast, Russian-language DNMs serving the post-Soviet states use dead drops as part of the zakladka or “stash” system — bringing together networks of couriers, wholesalers, drug producers, DNM management teams, and even customer service operatives. Torzon Market has established itself as a significant player in the darknet ecosystem, offering a secure, user-centric platform for anonymous trading. Its commitment to privacy, diverse product offerings, and robust security measures make it a preferred choice for users seeking discreet transactions within the darknet. Due to its extensive inventory and reputation for reliability, Brian’s Club has maintained a significant presence on the dark web. Quality and validity of the data it provides justify its higher cost over other marketplaces. The platform’s popularity continues to grow, attracting both new and returning customers.
Studying illicit drug circulation and its effects on population health is complicated due to the criminalization of trade and consumption. Illicit drug markets have evolved with IT, moving digital to the “darknet.” Previous research has analyzed darknet market listings and customer reviews. Research tools include public health surveys and medical reports but lack neutral data on drugs’ spread and impact. This study fills this gap with an analysis of the volume of drugs traded on the darknet market.
The higher income, digitalization of the citizens, and higher education levels can explain this. Another future direction can be cluster analysis, using our research database, whereby people’s incomes, group regions, and correlations are seen inside these clusters. Investigating clusters of regions aggregated by population-specific morbidity and mortality patterns also seems interesting and promising. The open-source nature of all analytical instruments (Python, R, PHP hypertext preprocessor, a scripting language) allows further research to repeat or continue our study on other darknet platforms to investigate other regional specifics.
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While tactics like these may have helped boost revenue for both markets, again, they have yet to match Hydra’s sizable financial success. The chart above shows that, while values haven’t risen back to 2021 levels, darknet market revenue has slightly rebounded since Hydra’s closure in 2022. This analysis is part of the GI-TOC’s series of articles delving into the results of the Global Organized Crime Index. The series explores the Index’s findings and their effects on policymaking, anti-organized crime measures and analyses from a thematic or regional perspective. “We have had lots of operational successes and have led a number of investigations into criminal activity on the dark web, which have resulted in individuals being convicted and facing lengthy prison sentences. The dark net is a network of untraceable online activity and hidden websites.
Silk Road (marketplace)
From our measurement, we concluded that anonymous online marketplaces and forums provided easy-access platforms for global opioid supply. This paper seeks to complement current studies widening the understanding of opioid supply chains in underground marketplaces using comprehensive, large-scale, longitudinal anonymous marketplace and forum data. To this end, we propose a series of techniques to collect data; identify opioid jargon terms used in the anonymous marketplaces and forums; and profile the opioid commodities, suppliers, and transactions. Specifically, we first conducted a whole-site crawl of anonymous online marketplaces and forums to solicit data. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive, large-scale, longitudinal study to demystify opioid trading activities in anonymous markets and forums.
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Chainanalysis, a blockchain analysis firm, conducted research that shows that the revenue decreased from $3.1 billion (2021) to $2 billion (2024). As mentioned earlier, launching a cyberattack doesn’t require any hacking skills. Even people with zero technical knowledge can buy phishing kits, ransomware, or stolen logins. If for any reason, you decide to visit these hidden corners of the web, ensure you at least study and understand the common traps.
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Threat actors have begun developing proprietary mobile apps allowing buyers and sellers of illegal goods to communicate in close to real-time mode, as well as transmitting information about “packages” with delivered drugs via alternative digital channels. This process is accelerated by the availability of Instant Messengers (IMs) and Automated Bots which allow the distribution of information across available digital channels with relatively high levels of anonymity. Resecurity expects mobile communication channels and mobile apps to soon replace traditional underground communities, forums, and marketplaces in order to facilitate quick information exchanges between Dark Web actors. It is expected new marketplaces will emerge in 2023 (like the recently launched Kraken) to expand influence. The key 10 marketplaces outlined in this report will continue to keep fighting for market monopolization. As outlined in the report, geopolitics and drug trafficking have become inextricably linked, that’s why the volume of shadow economy in the Dark Web will remain to grow and accelerated by ongoing tensions.
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Figure 2 presents the correlation matrix of Hydra marketplace indicators with official statistical variables. This matrix is a crucial tool in our research, as it helps us identify and understand the relationships between these variables. Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of opiates by region, setting the stage for the subsequent discussion on regional public health impacts.
- The research used appropriate sources of data and effective practices to analyze the data to secure its validity and reliability.
- Authorities from multiple countries, including Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United States, worked together to investigate and take down a major online criminal marketplace, demonstrating the need for cross-border efforts to combat cyber-enabled crime.
- Customers wiring funds with crypto-linked entities that have a jurisdictional profile that doesn’t align with the customer’s background (e.g. retail company based in US, sending wires to exchanges in multiple other jurisdictions).
- The review detection model yielded a mean precision of 81.5% and an average recall of 80.1%, whereas for the promotion detection model, it yielded a mean precision of 88.1% and an average recall of 85.1% (Table 4).
- The advent of Bitcoin made e-commerce possible on darknet sites and served as the anonymous medium of exchange between anonymous buyers and sellers.
- However, the dark web is so complex and vast that if law enforcement takes down one market, it pops up elsewhere.
“There is an understanding that seeing these ads on social media is correlated to a decreased risk perception, and young people are led to think the drugs are safer.” Of the teenagers she sampled, 10 percent reported purchasing drugs via social media. “Those exposed to drug ads were 17 times more likely to purchase drugs on social media compared to those who had not seen such ads,” she adds. Despite the many challenges faced by darknet marketplaces over the course of 2024, these platforms have nevertheless seen a slight increase of income compared to 2023, generating more than USD 1.7 billion.
That extortion threat, combined with increased tracing and investigative pressure, led many users to flee the platform, dramatically reducing deposits and facilitating law enforcement’s final takedown. Designed to resemble a legitimate e-commerce platform, Incognito offered a slick user experience with branding, advertising, and customer support. Upon visiting the site via the Tor browser, users were greeted by a graphic interface and prompted to log in with a unique username and password. Inside, buyers could browse thousands of drug listings, many accompanied by reviews and ratings. The platform also featured prescription drug listings falsely marketed as authentic, and some products were outright scams—counterfeit pills advertised as legitimate pharmaceuticals. Law enforcement agencies around the world — but especially in the US — have started to take a keen interest in what takes place in this strange encrypted internet and are certainly getting better at infiltrating and shutting down these sites.
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Individuals have also been reported trespassing on private property to pick up dead drops. For example, on one occasion, the admin of ShriMarket — a drugs market in Sri Lanka — publicly complained about the lack of takeup for their Telegram service. However, such markets may gain traction with time as they become more established. In contrast to the ROK — where dealers appear to be largely Korean nationals — the dead drop networks in South East Asia are dominated by the Russian-speaking diaspora, which has grown since the start of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022. Darknet forums like RuTor have even hosted dedicated discussion areas for Russian-speaking expats living in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, and Dubai.
